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The Khmelnytsky Uprising ((ウクライナ語:Повстання Хмельницького); also known as the Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Ukrainian War of Liberation)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1648-1657 Liberating War )〕 was a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine between the years 1648–1657 which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland. Under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks allied with the Crimean Tatars, and the local peasantry, fought several battles against the armies and paramilitary forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The result was the end of Polish szlachta control and of ecclesiastical jurisdiction for the Latin Rite Catholics and arendators over the region. The Uprising has taken on a symbolic meaning in the story of Ukraine's relationship with Russia. It resulted in the incorporation of eastern Ukraine into the Tsardom of Muscovy at the Pereiaslav Agreement, where the Cossacks swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar. This, according to the poet and artist Taras Shevchenko, brought about his people's "enslavement" under Russia.〔Paul Robert Magocsi. ''A History of Ukraine''. University of Washington press. Pages 147–216. (Google Books preview. )〕 The Uprising started as the rebellion of the Cossacks, but as other Orthodox Christian classes (peasants, burghers, petty nobility) of the Ukrainian palatinates joined them, the ultimate aim became a creation of Ukrainian autonomous state.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ÐÎÇÄ²Ë V. ÊÎÇÀÖÜÊÀ ÅÐÀ. § 1 Êîçàöüêà ðåâîëþö³ÿ 1648-1657 ðð. )〕 The Uprising succeeded in ending the Polish influence over those Cossack lands that were eventually taken by the Tsardom of Russia. These events, along with internal conflicts and hostilities with Sweden and Russia, resulted in severely diminished Polish power during this period (referred to in Polish history as the Deluge). The failure of the Cossacks to consolidate their victory led to a period known as the Ruin. ==Background== With the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Union in 1569, a growing number of Ruthenian lands were gradually absorbed under the control of a powerful aristocratic republic—the Rzecz Pospolita. In 1569 the Union of Lublin granted the southern Lithuanian-controlled lands of Ruthenia—Galicia-Volhynia, Podlaskie, Podolia and Kiev—to the Crown of Poland under the agreement forming the new Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although the local nobility was granted full rights within the Rzeczpospolita, their assimilation of Polish culture alienated them from the lower classes. This Szlachta, along with the actions of the upper-class Polish Magnates, oppressed the lower-class Ruthenians, with the introduction of Counter-Reformation missionary practices, and the use of Jewish arendators to manage their estates. Local Eastern Orthodox traditions were also under siege from the assumption of ecclesiastical power by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1448. The growing Russian power in the north sought to reunite the southern lands of Kievan Rus' with its successor state, and with the fall of Constantinople it began this process with the proclamation that its Metropolitan was now Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. The pressure of Catholic expansionism culminated with the Union of Brest in 1596, which attempted to retain the autonomy of the Eastern Orthodox churches in present-day Ukraine, Poland and Belarus by aligning themselves with the Bishop of Rome. While all of the people did not unite under one church, the concepts of autonomy were implanted into consciousness of the area, and came out in force during the military campaign of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khmelnytsky Uprising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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